Philosophers Directory
Explore 243 philosophers throughout history
Socrates
Ancient Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
Born: 469 BCE
Plato
Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, and founder of the Academy in Athens.
Born: 428 BCE
Aristotle
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
Born: 384 BCE
Confucius
Chinese philosopher whose teachings have deeply influenced East Asian life and thought.
Born: 551 BCE
Laozi
Ancient Chinese philosopher, writer of the Tao Te Ching and founder of philosophical Taoism.
Born: 601 BCE
Thomas Aquinas
Italian Dominican friar and priest, influential philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition.
Born: 1225
René Descartes
French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, often called the father of modern philosophy.
Born: 1596
Baruch Spinoza
Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin, considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy.
Born: 1632
John Locke
English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.
Born: 1632
David Hume
Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known for his influential system of philosophical empiricism.
Born: 1711
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy, known for his work in epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics.
Born: 1724
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution.
Born: 1712
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher who was a major figure in German Idealism and developed a dialectical scheme.
Born: 1770
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher best known for his work The World as Will and Representation.
Born: 1788
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.
Born: 1813
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, historian, and revolutionary socialist whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern social science.
Born: 1818
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher, cultural critic, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history.
Born: 1844
William James
American philosopher and psychologist, often called the "Father of American psychology".
Born: 1842
Bertrand Russell
British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic who had considerable influence on mathematics, logic, and analytic philosophy.
Born: 1872
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism.
Born: 1889
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
Born: 1889
Jean-Paul Sartre
French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, and literary critic, one of the key figures in 20th-century French philosophy and existentialism.
Born: 1905
Simone de Beauvoir
French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist, and social theorist.
Born: 1908
Albert Camus
French Algerian philosopher, author, and journalist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Born: 1913
Hannah Arendt
German-American philosopher and political theorist, known for her work on totalitarianism, authority, and the nature of power.
Born: 1906
John Rawls
American moral and political philosopher who held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University.
Born: 1921
Michel Foucault
French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic.
Born: 1926
Jacques Derrida
Algerian-French philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction.
Born: 1930
Judith Butler
American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics, and gender studies.
Born: 1956
Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher, cultural critic, and Hegelian Marxist known for his eclectic approach to philosophy.
Born: 1949
Martha Nussbaum
American philosopher and current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago.
Born: 1947
Cornel West
American philosopher, political activist, social critic, author, and public intellectual.
Born: 1953
Peter Singer
Australian moral philosopher, known for his work in bioethics and his advocacy of animal rights.
Born: 1946
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism. His teachings on suffering, mindfulness, and enlightenment have profoundly influenced Eastern philosophy and religion.
Born: 563 BCE
Jesus Christ
Central figure of Christianity, whose teachings on love, compassion, and moral living have profoundly shaped Western philosophy, ethics, and theology.
Born: 4 BCE
Augustine of Hippo
Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy.
Born: 354
Anselm of Canterbury
Benedictine monk, philosopher, and theologian, best known for his ontological argument for the existence of God.
Born: 1033
Moses Maimonides
Medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher, Torah scholar, and physician. One of the most influential figures in Jewish history.
Born: 1138
Nagarjuna
Indian Buddhist philosopher and founder of the Madhyamaka school, instrumental in developing the concept of emptiness (sunyata).
Born: 150
John Duns Scotus
Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, philosopher, and theologian. One of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages.
Born: 1266
William of Ockham
English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, and theologian. Best known for Ockham's Razor: "Entities should not be multiplied without necessity."
Born: 1287
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German polymath, philosopher, mathematician, and logician. Co-inventor of calculus and developer of the theory of monads.
Born: 1646
George Berkeley
Anglo-Irish philosopher best known for his theory of immaterialism: "esse est percipi" (to be is to be perceived).
Born: 1685
Thomas Reid
Scottish philosopher who founded the Scottish School of Common Sense and argued against skepticism with principles of common sense.
Born: 1710
Gottlob Frege
German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. Founder of modern logic and analytic philosophy, developed predicate logic.
Born: 1848
Charles Sanders Peirce
American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, founder of pragmatism and semiotics. Father of American philosophy.
Born: 1839
John Dewey
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer. Leader of the progressive movement in U.S. education.
Born: 1859
G. E. Moore
British philosopher known for his defense of common sense and his contributions to ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics.
Born: 1873
Alfred North Whitehead
English mathematician and philosopher, best known for his work in mathematical logic and process philosophy.
Born: 1861
Hildegard of Bingen
German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, and visionary. One of the most learned women of her age.
Born: 1098
Meister Eckhart
German theologian, philosopher, and mystic. One of the most influential Christian Neoplatonists in the Western tradition.
Born: 1260
Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
Andalusian Muslim philosopher and polymath. His commentaries on Aristotle influenced both Islamic and Christian scholars.
Born: 1126
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
Persian polymath and physician. One of the most significant figures in the Islamic Golden Age and the father of early modern medicine.
Born: 980
Al-Ghazali
Persian Muslim theologian, philosopher, and Sufi mystic. One of the most influential Muslim scholars of all time.
Born: 1058
Adi Shankara
Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta.
Born: 788
Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)
Chinese philosopher who authored the Zhuangzi, one of the foundational texts of Taoism emphasizing spontaneity and relativism.
Born: 369 BCE
Mencius
Chinese Confucian philosopher, often described as the "second sage" after Confucius himself. Advocated human nature is inherently good.
Born: 372 BCE
Pythagoras
Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher, founder of Pythagoreanism. Known for the Pythagorean theorem and contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and music theory.
Born: 570 BCE
Euclid
Ancient Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". Author of Elements, one of the most influential works in mathematics.
Born: 325 BCE
Archimedes
Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. One of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.
Born: 287 BCE
Hypatia of Alexandria
Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Roman Egypt. First well-documented female mathematician.
Born: 360
Thales of Miletus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer from Miletus. Considered the first philosopher in Greek tradition and the "Father of Science".
Born: 624 BCE
Heraclitus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher known for his doctrine of change being central to the universe, and for establishing the term Logos.
Born: 535 BCE
Parmenides
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea. Founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, known for his radical monism.
Born: 515 BCE
Democritus
Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, primarily remembered for his atomic theory. Known as the "Laughing Philosopher".
Born: 460 BCE
Epicurus
Ancient Greek philosopher and founder of Epicureanism. Taught that pleasure is the greatest good.
Born: 341 BCE
Zeno of Elea
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for his paradoxes which have puzzled mathematicians and philosophers for millennia.
Born: 490 BCE
Diogenes of Sinope
Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Famous for his ascetic lifestyle and sharp wit.
Born: 412 BCE
Empedocles
Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who established the four classical elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
Born: 494 BCE
Sun Tzu
Ancient Chinese military strategist, author of The Art of War, an influential work on military strategy and tactics.
Born: 544 BCE
Xunzi
Chinese Confucian philosopher who argued that human nature is inherently evil and that goodness is attained through training.
Born: 310 BCE
Mozi
Chinese philosopher who founded Mohism, emphasizing universal love, social order, and material wealth.
Born: 470 BCE
Han Feizi
Chinese philosopher and statesman who synthesized Legalist thought. His writings influenced the Qin dynasty.
Born: 280 BCE
Patanjali
Ancient Indian sage, author of the Yoga Sutras, foundational text of yoga philosophy.
Born: 200 BCE
Chanakya (Kautilya)
Ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, and royal advisor. Author of Arthashastra on statecraft and economic policy.
Born: 375 BCE
Boethius
Roman senator, philosopher, and theologian. Best known for The Consolation of Philosophy, written while imprisoned.
Born: 477
Alcuin of York
English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet, and teacher. Key figure in the Carolingian Renaissance.
Born: 735
Peter Abelard
French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician. Known for his relationship with Héloïse.
Born: 1079
Albertus Magnus
German Dominican friar and bishop, philosopher, and scientist. Teacher of Thomas Aquinas.
Born: 1200
Duns Scotus
Scottish Franciscan philosopher and theologian, known for his subtle distinctions in logic and metaphysics.
Born: 1266
Roger Bacon
English philosopher and Franciscan friar who emphasized empiricism and the study of nature through experimentation.
Born: 1214
Ibn Arabi
Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher. One of the most influential Islamic thinkers.
Born: 1165
Rumi
Persian poet, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic. His spiritual legacy transcends national borders.
Born: 1207
Omar Khayyam
Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. Made significant contributions to algebra and calendar reform.
Born: 1048
Nicholas of Cusa
German philosopher, theologian, mathematician, and astronomer. Pioneer of modern science and philosophy.
Born: 1401
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar, catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Known for his sharp wit and humanist philosophy.
Born: 1466
Niccolò Machiavelli
Italian Renaissance diplomat, philosopher, and writer, best known for The Prince. Father of modern political science.
Born: 1469
Thomas More
English lawyer, social philosopher, author of Utopia. Executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the Church.
Born: 1478
Francis Bacon
English philosopher and statesman, father of empiricism and the scientific method. Developed the Baconian method.
Born: 1561
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer, physicist, and philosopher. Father of observational astronomy and modern physics.
Born: 1564
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher, best known for his work Leviathan. Established the social contract theory.
Born: 1588
Blaise Pascal
French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher. Pioneer in probability theory and fluid mechanics.
Born: 1623
Pierre de Fermat
French lawyer and mathematician, credited with early developments leading to infinitesimal calculus. Known for Fermat's Last Theorem.
Born: 1607
Isaac Newton
English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian. Formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Born: 1643
Voltaire
French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Famous for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties.
Born: 1694
Montesquieu
French judge, man of letters, political philosopher. Articulated the theory of separation of powers.
Born: 1689
Denis Diderot
French philosopher, art critic, and writer. Co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopédie.
Born: 1713
Adam Smith
Scottish economist and philosopher, pioneer of political economy. Author of The Wealth of Nations.
Born: 1723
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Indian mathematician who made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, and continued fractions.
Born: 1887
Bertrand Russell
British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. Co-author of Principia Mathematica.
Born: 1872
André Weil
French mathematician, known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry.
Born: 1906
Paul Erdős
Hungarian mathematician, one of the most prolific mathematicians in history with over 1,500 papers.
Born: 1913
Alexander Grothendieck
German-French mathematician who revolutionized algebraic geometry. Fields Medal recipient.
Born: 1928
Benoit Mandelbrot
Polish-French-American mathematician. Father of fractal geometry, discovered the Mandelbrot set.
Born: 1924
Ibn Khaldun
Arab scholar, often described as father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography.
Born: 1332
Al-Farabi
Persian polymath and philosopher, known as "the Second Teacher" after Aristotle.
Born: 872
Al-Kindi
Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs".
Born: 801
Ramanuja
Indian philosopher and theologian. Most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism.
Born: 1017
Madhvacharya
Hindu philosopher and theologian. Founder of Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta.
Born: 1238
Dōgen
Japanese Buddhist priest, writer, and philosopher. Founder of the Sōtō school of Zen.
Born: 1200
Nichiren
Japanese Buddhist priest who founded Nichiren Buddhism. Emphasized the Lotus Sutra.
Born: 1222
Wang Yangming
Chinese philosopher, general, and administrator. Developed the philosophy of "mind" or "consciousness only".
Born: 1472
Zhu Xi
Chinese philosopher and writer. Most influential Neo-Confucian thinker.
Born: 1130
Wang Bi
Chinese philosopher and one of the most important interpreters of Laozi and Taoism.
Born: 226
Ayn Rand
Russian-American writer and philosopher. Developed the philosophical system known as Objectivism.
Born: 1905
Iris Murdoch
Irish and British novelist and philosopher. Known for her novels and her work on moral philosophy.
Born: 1919
Philippa Foot
British philosopher and founder of contemporary virtue ethics. Created the trolley problem.
Born: 1920
G.E.M. Anscombe
British philosopher who wrote on the philosophy of mind, action, and ethics. Translated Wittgenstein.
Born: 1919
Susan Haack
English professor of philosophy and law. Distinguished scholar in epistemology and pragmatism.
Born: 1945
Nancy Cartwright
American philosopher of science. Known for her work on causality and scientific models.
Born: 1944
Jürgen Habermas
German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. Associated with the Frankfurt School.
Born: 1929
Theodor Adorno
German philosopher, sociologist, and composer. Leading member of the Frankfurt School.
Born: 1903
Max Horkheimer
German philosopher and sociologist. Founding member of the Frankfurt School.
Born: 1895
Walter Benjamin
German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist. Associated with the Frankfurt School.
Born: 1892
Herbert Marcuse
German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist. Associated with the Frankfurt School.
Born: 1898
Erich Fromm
German Jewish social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, and humanistic philosopher.
Born: 1900
Hans-Georg Gadamer
German philosopher of the continental tradition. Known for his work on hermeneutics and phenomenology.
Born: 1900
Paul Ricoeur
French philosopher known for combining phenomenology, hermeneutics, and structuralism.
Born: 1913
Emmanuel Levinas
French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work on ethics and phenomenology.
Born: 1906
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger.
Born: 1908
Hypatia
Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt.
Born: 355
Boethius
Roman senator and philosopher. Author of "The Consolation of Philosophy".
Born: 480
Peter Abelard
Medieval French philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.
Born: 1079
Anselm of Canterbury
Benedictine monk, philosopher, and theologian. Known for the ontological argument.
Born: 1033
Roger Bacon
English philosopher and Franciscan friar. Emphasized empiricism and the study of nature.
Born: 1214
Duns Scotus
Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, philosopher, and theologian.
Born: 1266
William of Ockham
English Franciscan friar and theologian. Known for Ockham's Razor principle.
Born: 1287
Marsilio Ficino
Italian scholar and Catholic priest. One of the most influential humanist philosophers of the Renaissance.
Born: 1433
Pico della Mirandola
Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher. Famous for the "Oration on the Dignity of Man".
Born: 1463
Giordano Bruno
Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and cosmologist. Burned at the stake for heresy.
Born: 1548
Francis Bacon
English philosopher and statesman. Father of empiricism and the scientific method.
Born: 1561
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher. Best known for his political philosophy, particularly in "Leviathan".
Born: 1588
René Descartes
French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Father of modern philosophy.
Born: 1596
Blaise Pascal
French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and theologian.
Born: 1623
Baruch Spinoza
Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin. One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment.
Born: 1632
John Locke
English philosopher and physician. Father of Liberalism.
Born: 1632
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German polymath. Philosopher, mathematician, and political adviser.
Born: 1646
George Berkeley
Anglo-Irish philosopher. Known for his immaterialist philosophy: "esse est percipi" (to be is to be perceived).
Born: 1685
David Hume
Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist.
Born: 1711
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment.
Born: 1712
Adam Smith
Scottish economist and philosopher. Father of modern economics.
Born: 1723
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
Born: 1724
Jeremy Bentham
English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. Founder of modern utilitarianism.
Born: 1748
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher. One of the most important figures in German idealism.
Born: 1770
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher. Known for his philosophical pessimism and "The World as Will and Representation".
Born: 1788
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in liberalism.
Born: 1806
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher, theologian, and poet. Father of existentialism.
Born: 1813
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist.
Born: 1818
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher and cultural critic. Known for his critique of traditional morality.
Born: 1844
William James
American philosopher and psychologist. Father of American psychology.
Born: 1842
Charles Sanders Peirce
American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist. Founder of pragmatism.
Born: 1839
John Dewey
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer.
Born: 1859
Edmund Husserl
German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.
Born: 1859
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher. Best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism.
Born: 1889
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian-British philosopher. Major influence on 20th-century philosophy, especially in logic and language.
Born: 1889
Karl Popper
Austrian-British philosopher. Known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method.
Born: 1902
Jean-Paul Sartre
French philosopher, playwright, novelist, and political activist. Leading figure in 20th-century existentialism.
Born: 1905
Simone de Beauvoir
French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, and feminist theorist.
Born: 1908
Albert Camus
French philosopher, author, and journalist. Nobel Prize laureate in Literature.
Born: 1913
Hannah Arendt
German-American political theorist. Known for her works on totalitarianism and the nature of power.
Born: 1906
Willard Van Orman Quine
American philosopher and logician. One of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century.
Born: 1908
Thomas Kuhn
American philosopher of science. Author of "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions".
Born: 1922
John Rawls
American moral and political philosopher. Known for "A Theory of Justice".
Born: 1921
Michel Foucault
French philosopher, historian of ideas, and social theorist. Influenced postmodern philosophy.
Born: 1926
Jacques Derrida
Algerian-French philosopher. Best known for developing deconstruction.
Born: 1930
Richard Rorty
American philosopher. Combined pragmatism with postmodern philosophy.
Born: 1931
Noam Chomsky
American linguist, philosopher, and political activist. Father of modern linguistics.
Born: 1928
Peter Singer
Australian moral philosopher. Specialist in applied ethics and animal rights.
Born: 1946
Martha Nussbaum
American philosopher. Known for her work on ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, and ethics.
Born: 1947
Daniel Dennett
American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist. Known for his work on consciousness and free will.
Born: 1942
Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic. Known for his use of Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Born: 1949
Judith Butler
American philosopher and gender theorist. Pioneer of queer theory.
Born: 1956
Cornel West
American philosopher, political activist, social critic, and public intellectual.
Born: 1953
Alvin Plantinga
American analytic philosopher. Known for his work in philosophy of religion and epistemology.
Born: 1932
David Chalmers
Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist. Known for his work on consciousness.
Born: 1966
Saul Kripke
American philosopher and logician. Distinguished for his work on modal logic and philosophy of language.
Born: 1940
Hilary Putnam
American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. Made contributions to philosophy of mind, language, and science.
Born: 1926
Alasdair MacIntyre
Scottish philosopher. Known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy.
Born: 1929
Charles Taylor
Canadian philosopher. Known for his contributions to political philosophy and the philosophy of the social sciences.
Born: 1931
John Searle
American philosopher. Known for his contributions to philosophy of language and mind.
Born: 1932
Thomas Nagel
American philosopher. Known for his critique of reductionist accounts of consciousness.
Born: 1937
Robert Nozick
American philosopher. Best known for his book "Anarchy, State, and Utopia".
Born: 1938
Derek Parfit
British philosopher. Specialist in personal identity, rationality, and ethics.
Born: 1942
Bernard Williams
English moral philosopher. Known for his critique of utilitarianism and defense of moral relativism.
Born: 1929
Onora O'Neill
British philosopher and a crossbench member of the House of Lords.
Born: 1941
Christine Korsgaard
American philosopher and author. Known for her work on moral philosophy.
Born: 1952
Michael Sandel
American political philosopher. Known for his critique of Rawlsian liberalism.
Born: 1953
Kwame Anthony Appiah
Ghanaian-British-American philosopher and writer. Known for his work on political theory and ethics.
Born: 1954
Nancy Fraser
American philosopher. Known for her work on feminist theory and political philosophy.
Born: 1947
Patricia Churchland
Canadian-American philosopher. Pioneer in the field of neurophilosophy.
Born: 1943
Linda Zagzebski
American philosopher. Known for her work on virtue epistemology and philosophy of religion.
Born: 1946
Graham Priest
British philosopher. Known for his work on non-classical logic.
Born: 1948
Timothy Williamson
British philosopher. Known for his work on vagueness, knowledge, and modal logic.
Born: 1955
Kit Fine
British philosopher. Known for his work on metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophical logic.
Born: 1946
David Lewis
American philosopher. Known for his work on modal realism, counterfactuals, and metaphysics.
Born: 1941
Peter van Inwagen
American philosopher. Known for his work on metaphysics, free will, and philosophy of religion.
Born: 1942
Brian Leiter
American philosopher and legal scholar. Known for his work on Nietzsche and philosophy of law.
Born: 1963
Joshua Greene
American psychologist and philosopher. Known for his work on moral cognition and dual-process theory.
Born: 1974
Jonathan Haidt
American social psychologist. Known for his work on the psychology of morality.
Born: 1963
Philip Kitcher
British philosopher. Known for his work on the philosophy of science and ethics.
Born: 1947
Helen Longino
American philosopher of science. Known for her work on social epistemology and feminist philosophy of science.
Born: 1944
Bas van Fraassen
Dutch-American philosopher. Known for his defense of constructive empiricism.
Born: 1941
Elliott Sober
American philosopher. Known for his work on philosophy of biology and philosophy of science.
Born: 1948
Michael Ruse
British-Canadian philosopher of science. Specialist in the philosophy of biology.
Born: 1940
Karen Bennett
American philosopher. Known for her work on metaphysics and philosophy of mind.
Born: 1972
Galen Strawson
British philosopher. Known for his work on free will, consciousness, and the self.
Born: 1952
Susanna Siegel
American philosopher. Known for her work on perception and epistemic consequences of perception.
Born: 1970
Paul Boghossian
American philosopher. Known for his work on content, self-knowledge, and color.
Born: 1957
Sarah Paul
American philosopher. Known for her work on intention, practical knowledge, and agency.
Born: 1975
Robert Brandom
American philosopher. Known for his work on the philosophy of language and mind.
Born: 1950
John McDowell
South African philosopher. Known for his work on philosophy of mind, epistemology, and ethics.
Born: 1942
Hubert Dreyfus
American philosopher. Known for his critique of artificial intelligence and work on Heidegger.
Born: 1929
Alison Gopnik
American professor of psychology and philosopher. Known for her work on cognitive development.
Born: 1955
Jesse Prinz
American philosopher. Known for his work on emotion, moral psychology, and consciousness.
Born: 1968
Shaun Nichols
American philosopher. Known for his work on moral psychology and experimental philosophy.
Born: 1964
Tamar Gendler
American philosopher. Known for her work on imagination, thought experiments, and alief.
Born: 1965
Stephen Yablo
American philosopher. Known for his work on metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind.
Born: 1957
Sally Haslanger
American philosopher. Known for her work on metaphysics, epistemology, and feminist theory.
Born: 1955
Miranda Fricker
British philosopher. Known for her work on epistemic injustice.
Born: 1966
Jason Stanley
American philosopher. Known for his work on philosophy of language and epistemology.
Born: 1969
L.A. Paul
American philosopher. Known for her work on metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and decision theory.
Born: 1966
Peter Railton
American philosopher. Known for his work on metaethics and moral psychology.
Born: 1950
Ernest Sosa
Cuban-American philosopher. Known for his work on epistemology.
Born: 1940
Fred Dretske
American philosopher. Known for his work on epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of perception.
Born: 1932
Tyler Burge
American philosopher. Known for his work on philosophy of mind and philosophy of language.
Born: 1946
Ruth Millikan
American philosopher. Known for her work on philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language.
Born: 1933
Jaegwon Kim
Korean-American philosopher. Known for his work on mental causation and supervenience.
Born: 1934
Ned Block
American philosopher. Known for his work on consciousness and cognitive science.
Born: 1942
Frank Jackson
Australian philosopher. Known for the knowledge argument against physicalism.
Born: 1943
Sydney Shoemaker
American philosopher. Known for his work on personal identity and philosophy of mind.
Born: 1931
Roderick Chisholm
American philosopher. Known for his work on epistemology and metaphysics.
Born: 1916
Nelson Goodman
American philosopher. Known for the new riddle of induction and nominalism.
Born: 1906
Wilfrid Sellars
American philosopher. Known for his critique of the "myth of the given".
Born: 1912